Pigmentation refers to the darkening of certain areas of the skin compared to the surrounding skin. This occurs when there is an overproduction of melanin, the pigment responsible for the color of our skin, hair, and eyes. Hyperpigmentation can be caused by various factors, including:

1. Sun Exposure:Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun stimulates melanin production in the skin as a defense mechanism against the harmful effects of UV rays. This can lead to uneven skin tone and dark spots.
2. Post-Inflammatory Hyperpigmentation (PIH):This occurs as a result of inflammation or injury to the skin, such as acne, or other skin conditions. Once the inflammation subsides, the skin may darken in those areas.
3. Melasma:Also known as chloasma, melasma is a type of hyperpigmentation that often affects pregnant women (due to hormonal changes) and is characterized by brown or gray-brown patches on the face.
4. Aging:As we age, our skin’s natural repair processes may become less efficient, leading to the accumulation of melanin and the formation of age spots or liver spots.
5. Genetics:Some individuals are more prone to hyperpigmentation due to their genetic makeup.